GreenFILE

The total combined weight of biological material on planet Earth has been estimated in one source at about 75 × 109 t. Of this: crops comprise 2 × 109 t (2.7%) as well as microbes, fungi, algae and similar types of microorganisms are estimated to comprise over 50% of the total amount. Microalgae is outstanding among all the types of biomass sources in its ability to respond to the challenges of the future in terms of availability, high growth and production rates, yield per unit area, not competing for arable land, being most suitable optimal sources for both liquid and gaseous biofuels and valuable co-products within biorefineries. It is logical that the increased ability to occupy new niches in the energy sector is determined by uptake of the new forms of biomass exploitation coupled with environmental impact reduction. This could explain the worldwide interest in exploiting algal biomass as an ideal attribute for photosynthetic capture of anthropogenic carbon that reached a record high of ~ 10 Pg C yr−1 in 2014. In this review, we outline microalgae's potential to capture carbon in coal-fired power plant, discuss the advantages of photosynthetic organisms as a source for biodiesel and solid biofuel production, discuss the process engineering, different synergies and legislative factors needed to make the process efficient and economically viable. Before commercial-scale installations become feasible, however, numerous points still have to be resolved. In order to identify potentials and obtain recommendations for action, co-authors have studied in detail various options for climate-beneficial recycling and trapping CO2 in the algae factories of the future that potentially could be built in the European humid continental climate countries.

With the huge growing demand of energy utilization and various threats posed due to the emissions had substantially led the thinkers to put on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels. Moving ahead with these plans hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) engines have emanated as a forthcoming energy carrier for internal-combustion engines. Several nations are endeavoring hard to bring down the pollution level by promoting hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas-fueled vehicles, predominantly by powering medium and heavy transportation vehicles. In general, under precise circumstances the indicated thermal efficiency of the HCNG engine is much better than CNG engines without tolerating the high level of harmful emissions. In spite of that the hydrogen addition to NG provides increased NOx emission because of a great amount of heat generation inside the combustion chamber. However, it can be overcome by some extent of the application of lean burn combustion or with three-way catalyst (TWC). This report presented an encyclopedic overview of hydrogen enriched compressed natural-gas engines. This paper provides a detailed discussion on the hydrogen generation methods, fundamentals of characteristics of HCNG mixture, refinements on different fuel mixture affecting the combustion. For covering the prospects of the HCNG engines, its technical and numerical approaches are discussed. Furthermore, various methods are discussed which increase the power output and thermal efficiency along with a check on the emission parameters. An exploration of HCNG vehicle's demonstration projects worldwide is a key feature of this article.

The propagation of electromagnetic radiation was investigated a t different points, and the theory of covariance was applied to identify the main parameters by recording the max, mean and min values of density. The biggest electric field strength values are emitted by the second generation (2G) GSM mobile phones that operate in the frequency band of 900 MHz. The smaller electric field strength values are determined by the higher frequency (1800 MHz) used by mobile phones and smaller maximum power, the maximum of which reaches up to 1 W. Third generation (3G) UMTS smart phones that operate in the frequency band of 2100 MHz, emit smallest electric field strength values during the conversation. The values of digital arrays of measurement of the electromagnetic field energy flux density of interrelated covar iance functions and digital arrays of individual covariance functions were identified. Data concerning interrelated covariances and auto-covariances of electromagnetic field energy flux density in a time scale are presented by means of the Matlab 7 software package.

The problem of VOC volatilization into the atmosphere from oil terminals is discussed in the paper. Investigation of VOC concentration in an oil terminal was performed in characterized spots of the main pollutant concentration – in storage tank parks of light and heavy oil products. A complex analysis of the impact of meteorological elements, oilproduct- storage tank construction, the level of filling storage tanks with oil products on the emissions of VOCs in oil terminals and adjacent territories is provided in the paper. The dependence of VOC concentration on the following parameters of the construction of storage tanks was analysed: the capacity of storage tanks, the insulation between the wall of a storage tank and peculiarities of the pontoon construction (single, double, triple insulation). The results of the investigation may be applied for the development and improvement of the VOC calculation method (LAND 31-2007/M-11), reduction of VOC emissions in the existing oil terminals and when developing new ones.

Growth kinetics, i.e. the relationship between specific growth rate and the concentration of a substrate, is one of the basic tools in the modelling of activated sludge community growth. The above-described conventional growth kinetics derived from single-substrate-controlled laboratory experiments have invariably been used for describing both growth and substrate utilization in wastewater treatment. After technological processes various mineral substances, such as chlorides, get into water bodies. These substances are not removed from wastewater by the biological treatment method. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentrations of chlorides, investigate the influence of enzyme preparations upon wastewater treatment quality during biological process modelling. Kinetics of microbial growth was designed using the model of Monad. To analyse the chloride influence on the biooxidation process a series of laboratory tests was carried out: biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD), activated sludge concentration and other indexes. It is found experimentally that a 400 mg/l concentration of chlorides disarranges the activity of microorganisms and activated sludge is no longer suitable for biological treatment. Also, we investigated the effect of enzyme preparation on effluence on sewage treatment. As chloride concentrations are increased in a tank without an enzyme, bacterial spores contained in the enzyme preparation produce a renewing effect upon active sludge.

Nagrinėjama lakiųjų organinių junginių (LOJ) išsiskyrimo AB „Klaipėdos nafta“ naftos terminale problema. Siekiant nustatyti LOJ koncentracijos ore priklausomybę nuo vėjo greičio, aplinkos drėgmės ir atmosferos slėgio atlikti trumpesnio laiko intervalo tyrimai, kai aplinkos temperatūros svyravimai yra minimalūs (1−3) °C. Pasirinktuose stebėjimo postuose atliktas 10 dienų LOJ koncentracijos tyrimas dujų chromatografijos būdu. Atlikta kompleksinė eksperimentinių tyrimų ir meteorologinių sąlygų (oro temperatūros, aplinkos drėgmės, atmosferos slėgio, vėjo greičio ir vėjo krypties) analizė, atsižvelgiant į vykdomų naftos terminale krovos darbų tipus ir kraunamų produktų rūšis. Nustatytos LOJ koncentracijos priklausomybės nuo meteorologinių parametrų.

Studies of climate change and also climate warming problems are related to the analysis of geophysical processes including changes in regime of some hydrological elements. The long-term change in sea level is one of the indicators of the changing climate. The investigations were based on historical sea level data from the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea. The regression analysis, based on annual mean sea level data for period 1961-2004 clearly shows that the long-term sea level increased by approximately about 2-4 mm yr -1. The annual mean sea level fluctuation is found to be linked with the North Atlantic Oscillation (7AO) index. The global climate change and regional earth crust movements influence long-term sea level.